Compendio di batteri psicrofili

                                                                                                      

Carlo Cantoni, libero docente di Ispezione degli alimenti di origine animale, Milano

                                                                                                                                              

I batteri in grado di crescere a basse temperature (freddo tolleranti) sono denominati psicrofili (Cold loving).

Hanno, generalmente, delle temperature minime, ottimali e massime di crescita di 0° o meno, 15°C e massime di 20°C stretti.

Nel gruppo esistono anche batteri psicrotolleranti con una temperatura ottimale di crescita di 25°C (Morite 1975).                                                                                               

Recentemente sono state proposte altre definizioni esplicative come “psicrofili moderati” con temperature minime e massime di crescita rispettivamente di meno/0°C e 25*C (Helmke & Coll.2004), psicoattivi (organismi che crescono a – 1°C (Lanks Coll.2006) e i termini euripsicrofili e stenopsicrofili (Cavicchioli & Coll.2006).

Gli stenopsicrofili (o veri psicrofili) individuano microrganismi con un limitato intervallo di temperature di crescita (in genere non superiore a 20°C con alcune eccezioni).

Gli euripsicrofili (psicrotolleranti o psicrotrofi) sono microrganismi che crescono entro un ampio intervallo di temperatura fino a 30°C.                                              

Una ulteriore definizione più semplice considera psicrofili obbligati i batteri che crescono da =°C o meno fino a 20°-21°C e facoltativi quelli che crescono da 0 a 30°C- in questo testo si riportano le temperature minime, ottimali e massime di cresciti di psicrofili stenopsicrofili.

DELTAPROTEOBACTERIA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

Desulfofaba

genere Desulfofaba,famiglia Desulfobacteriaceae, ordine Desulfobacteriales, classe Deltaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria.                            

                                              Temperatura ottimale                    temperatura massima 

Desulfofaba gelida                          7°C                                                          18°C                                    
Nota: temperatura minima di crescita -1,8°C .                                                                        

Desulfofrigus

ordine Desulfifrigus, famiglia Desulfobacteriaceae, ordine Desulfobacteriales, Classe Deltaproteobacteria, Phylum Proteobacteria                                                                        
                                              Temperatura ottimale                      temperatura massima 

Desulfofrigus  fragile                             8°C-                                                            27°C

Desulfofrigus oceanensee                    10°C                                                              16°C

Nota: temperature minime  di crescita: D. fragile-1,8°C,      D. oceanensee -1,8°C.             

Desulfuromonas

genere Desulfuromonas, famiglia Desulfuromonadaceae, ordine Desulfuromonadales. Classe Detaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria.

Temperatura ottimale                 temperatura massima 

Desulfofuromonas ferririducens                               14-17°C                                       23°C

Desulfuromonas svalbardensis                                    14°C                                          20°C                       

Nota: temperature minime di crescita -2°C                                                                         

Desulfotalea                                                                                                                      

genere Desulfotalea, famiglia Desulfobulbaceae, Desulfobacteriales, classe Deltaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria                                                            

Temperatura ottimale                 temperatura massima 

Desulfotalea artica                                                         18°C                                  26°C

Desulfotalea psychrophila                                          10°C                                        19°C                       

Nota: temperature minme di crescita:  -1,8°C   

GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA                                                                                                                                

Colwellia  
genere Colwellia, famiglia Colwellaceae, ordine Alteromonadales, classe Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria                                               
                                                        Temperatura ottimale              temperatura massima 

Colwellia demingiae                       10-15°C                                                    20°          
Colwellia hornerae                          10°C                                                         20°C 
Colwellia hornerae                          15°C                                                         25°C   
Colwellia maris                               15°C                                                         22°C                          

Colwellia psychroerythraea             8°C                                                          16°C                                 
Colwellia psychrophica                   0-8°C                                                        10°C                 
Colwellia rossensis                         10-15°C                                                      20°C    

Nota:Le temperature minime di crescita  sono comprese tra -1°C e O°C.                                  

Glaciecola                                                                                                                                           

genere Glacicola, famiglia Alteromonadaceae, ordine Alteromonadales, classe Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria                                                          
                                           Temperatura ottimale                    temperatura massima 

Glacieola mesophila                 10°C                                                           15°C                             
Glacieola pallidula                   15°C                                                           18°C                                    
Glacieola psycrophila               0-4°C                                                          18°C                                  
Glacieola punicea                     15°C                                                           18°C   

Marinobacter                                                                                                                                            

genere Marinobacter, famiglia Alteromonadaceae, ordine Alteromonas , classe Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria.
                                                  Temperatura ottimale               temperatura massima 

 Marinobacter psychrophilus              16-18 °C                                                     20°C 

Moritella                                                                                                                                                    
genere Moritella, famigliaMoritellaceae, ordine Alteromonadaceae, classe Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria                                                                           
                                              Temperatura ottimale                         temperatura massima 

Moritella  abyssi                             10°C                                                           <20°C           

Moritella  dasanensis                         9°C                                                            17°C 

Moritella japonica                           10-15°C                                                   <20°C  

Moritella profunda                           4-6°C                                                           12°C

Moritella yayanosi                           10°C                                                           <20°C

Nota: temperature minime di crescita: M.abissi <2°C,M.dasanenis -3, M.japonica 4°C,M.profunda-2°C, M.yayanosi 2°C                                                                                        

Psychrobacter                                                                                                                              

genere Psychrobacter, famiglia Moraxellaceae, ordine Pseudomonadales, classe Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria.                                                         
                                             Temperatura ottimale                         temperatura massima 

Psychrobacter articus                   20°C                                                            28°C*                                 
Psychrobacter cryohalolentis        22°C                                                           30°C*                    
Psychrobacter frigidicola              16°C                                                       19-22°C                        
Psychrobacter  glacincola              22°C                                                            30°C    
Psychrobacter urativorans            18-20°C                                                  25/27°C

Nota : temperature minime di crescita  P.articus -10°C* eccezione.,P.frigidicola -18°C, P.glacinco-la -5°C,P. cryohalolentis*eccezione) .-10°C,P.uritivorans – 10°C.                                                        

Psychromonas                                                                                                                                                        

genere Psychromonas, famiglia Psychromonadaceae, ordine Alteromonadales, classe Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria.                                                                                               
                                                       Temperatura ottimale                       temperatura massima 

Psychromonas antartica                12°C                                                              17°C                       
Psychromonas  artica                    20°C                                                              25°C                           
Psychromonas hadalis                   6°C                                                                12°C   
Psychromonas haikae                   10°C                                                               15°C

Psychromonas ingrahami              5°C                                                                 10°C

Psychromo nas marina                 14-15°C                                                           25°C

Psychromonas  profunda               10°C                                                               14°C

Nota: temperature minime di crescita: P.antartica 2°C,P.artica 0°C,P.hadalis 2°C,P.hakae 4°C,P ingrahami  -12°C,P.marina 0°C, P.profunda  2°C.                                    

Shewanella                                                                                                                               

genere Shewanella, famiglia Shewanellaceae, ordine Alteromonadales, classe Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria.                                                               Temperatura ottimale                      temperatura massima 

Shewanella abyssi                                          10-14°C                                                 25°C

Shewanella bentica                                        4-15°C                                                 < 18°C

Shewanella frigidimarina                               20-22°C                                                 25-27°C

Shewanella gelidimarina                               15-17°C                                                  23°C

Shewanella psycrophila                                 10-15°C                                                  20°C

Shewanella  surugensis                                  13°C                                                        25°C

Shewanella violacea                                        8°C                                                       <18°C

Nota: temperature minime di crescita: O°C  S:.abyssi, s.psychrophila, S.surugensis.  Shewanella frigidimarina -14°C, S.gelidimarina -26°C, S. violacea <0°C                                     

Marinobacter                                                                                                                                                      

genere Marinobacter, famiglia Oceanospirillaceae, ordine Oceanospirillales, classe Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria.                                                                      

Temperatura ottimale                  temperatura massima 

Marinobacter psychrophilus                             16-18°C                                                   22°C

Nota:temperatura minima di crescita 0°C                                                                           

Photobacterium                                                                                                                   

genere Photobacterium, famiglia Vibrionaee, ordine Vibrionales, classe Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria.                                                                    

Temperatura ottimale                temperatura massima 

Photobacterium frigidophilum                          14°C                                                       20°C 
Photobacterium iliopiscarium                            20°C                                                      20°C         
Photobacterium profundum                              10°-15°C                                                18°C

Nota: temperature minima di crescita: P,frigidophilum  e P,iliopiscarium 0°C,P. profundum 4 °C                                                                                                                                

Tiomicrospira                                                                                                                                             

genere Tiomicrospira, famiglia Piscirickettsiaceae, ordine Trichotricales, classe Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria.                                                                     
                                                            Temperatura ottimale                       temperatura massima 

Tiomicrospira artica                               11,5-13,2°C                                                   20,8°C 
Tiomicrospira psychrophila                    14,6-15,4°C                                                   20.8°C

Nota: temperatura minima di crescita delle due specie -2°C.                                        

BETAGAMMABACTERIA                                                                                                          Glaciimonas                                                                                                                               

genere Glaciimonas, famiglia Oxalobacteriaceae, ordine Burkolderiales, classe Betagammabacteria, phylum Proteobacteria.                                                                           
                                                 Temperatura ottimale                       temperatura massima 

Glaciimonas immobilis                              -20°C                                                      20°C              
Polaromonis vacuolata                                  4°C                                                      12°C

Nota: temperatura minima di crescita O°C.                                                                       

ALFAPROEOBACTERIA                                                                                                                  

Octodecabacter                                                                       
genere Octadecabacter famiglia Rhodobacteriaceae, ordine Rhodobacteriales, classe Alfaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria.                                                                   
                                                              Temperatura ottimale                    temperatura massima 

Octadecabacter antarticus                                4°C                                                       10°C 
Nota:temperatura minima di crescita 4°C.     

Phaeobacter                                                                                                                                                     

genere Phaeobacter, famiglia Rhodobacteriaceae, ordine Rhodobacteriales, classe Alphaproteobacteria, Phylum Proteobacteria.                                                                             
                                                        Temperatura ottimale                      temperatura massima 

Phaeobacter articus                            19-20°C                                                              20°C

Nota :temperatura minima di crescita 0°C.                                                                                 

BACTEROIDETES                                                                                                                            

Flavobacterium                                                                                                                             
genere  Flavobacterium, famiglia Flavobacteriaeceae, ordine Flavobacteriales, classe Flavobacteria, phylum Bacteroidetes.
                                                           Temperatura ottimale                   temperatura massima 

Flavobacteriun antarticum                     21,2°C                                                      25,1°C   
Flavobacterium frigidarium                    15°C                                                         20-24°C 
lavobacterium frigoris                         5-20°C                                                        <25°C 
Flavobacterium omnivorum                     11°C                                                         20°C 
Flavobacterium segetis                            14,3°C                                                      18°C     
Favobacterium xinjiangense                 15,5°C                                                          19°C 
Flavobacterium weaverense                    15,5°C                                                   19,5°C 
Nota:temperature minima di crescita; F.articum -14,5, F.frigidarium 0°C,.F,frigoris 5°C, F.segetis -29°C,F.xinjianense 0°C,F.weaverense -29°C .                                                         

Gelidibacter                                                                                                                               

genere Gelidibacter, famiglia Flavobacteriaceae, ordine Flavobacteriales, classe Flavobacteria, phylum Bacteroidetes.                                                                                               

Temperatura ottimale                      temperatura massima 

Gelidibacter ilustrilutea                                              18°C                                              20°C              
Nota:Temperatura minima di crescita -2     

Gelidibacter algens                                                   15-18°C                                          20°C 
Nota:temperature minima di crescita 0°C.                                                                                            

Gillisia                                                                                                                                   

genere Gillisia, famiglia Flavobacteriaceae, ordine Flavobacteriales, classe Flavobacteria, phylum Bacteriodetes

Temperatura ottimale                  temperatura massima 

Gillisia illustriutea                                                10-15°C                                      20°C  

Nota: temperatura minima di crescita -2 °C                                                                                

Lacinutrix                                                                                                                                          

genere Lacinatrix, famiglia Flavobacteriaceae, ordine Flavobacteriales, classe Flavobacteria, phylum  Bacteroidetes.                                                                                          
                                                             Temperatura ottimale                 temperatura massima 

Lacinutrix  copepodicola                     17°C                                                                25°C                   
Lacinutrix jangbogonensis                     4°C                                                                10°C

Polaribacter                                                                                                                                                                                      genere Polaribacter, famiglia Flavobacteriaceae, ordine Flavobacteriales, classe Flavobacteria, phylum Bacteroidetes                                                                                        
                                                               Temperatura ottimale            temperatura massima 

Polaribacter filamentus                             10-12°C                                                 19°C            
Polaribacter franzmani                               <4°C                                                       10°C

Polaribactr glomeratus                               <4°C                                                       10°C                        
Polaribacter irgensii                                    8-10°C                                                   12°C

Nota: temperatura minima di crescita di P.irgernsii-15°C.                                                   

Psychroflexus                                                                                                                                  

genere Psychroflexus, famiglia Flavobacteriaceae, ordine Flavobacteriales, classe Flavobacteria, phylum Bacteroidetes.                                                                                     
                                                                       Temperatura ottimale                   temperatura massima 

Psychroflexus torquis                                          10-15°C                                                        20°C

Nota: temperatura minima di crescita -16°C .                                                                

Psychroserpens                                                                                                                                                                    
genere Psychroserpens, famiglia Flavobacteriaceae, ordine Flavobacteriales, classe lavobacteria, phylum Bacteriodetes. 
                                                                        Temperatura ottimale                  temperatura massima 

Psychroserpens burtonensis                                   10-12°C                                                   <20°C

Nota: temperature minima di crescita   0°C.    

Rhodonellum                                                                                                                                            

genere Rhodonellum, famiglia Flexibacteriaceae, ordine Flexibacteriales, classe Sphingobacteria, phylum Bacteroidetes .                
                                                       Temperatura ottimale                    temperatura massima 

Rhodonellum psychrophilus                          8°C                                                         22°C

Nota: temperature minima di crescita O°C                                                                          

FIRMICUTES                                                                                                                                    

Clostridia                                                                                                                              

genere Clostridium, Famiglia Clostridiaceae, ordine Clostridiales, classe Clostridia, Phylum Firmicutes.                                    
                                                         Temperatura ottimale                     temperatura massima 

Clostridium  algoriphilum                        6°C                                                            <20°C       
Clostridium esterthrticum                         6-8°C                                                          13°C                     
Clostridium frigoris                                  5-7°C                                                         12°C
Clostridium lacusfrixylliense                   8-12°C                                                       15°C   

Clostridium laramiense                              15°C                                                         21°C
Clostridium psychrophilum                          4°C                                                          10°C

Nota : temperature minime di crescita < 2°C.                                                                  

ACTINOBACTERIA                                                                                                                                 

Cterium                                                                                                                                                     

genere Cryobacterium, famiglia Microbacteriaceae, subordine Micrococcineae, ordine Actinobacteridae, classe Actinobacteria, phylum Actinobacteria.                                     
                                                             Temperatura ottimale                  temperatura massima 

Cryobacterium flavum                                  15°C                                                       19°C

Cryobacterium levicorallinum                      8-14°C                                                    19°C

Cryobacterium  luteum                                 15°C                                                         18°C               

Nota: temperature minime di crescita 0°C.                                                                             

Glaciibacter                                                                                                                          

genere Glaciibacter, famiglia Microbacteriaceae, subordine Micrococcinae, ordine Actinomycetales, classe Actinobacteria.                                                           Temperatura ottimale                    temperatura massima 

Glaciibacter superstes                            20°C                                                          25°C

Nota: temperatura minima di crescita -5°C                                                                                     

ARCHEA                                                                                                                                   

Deinococcus                                                                                                                                                                      
genere Deinococcus, famiglia Deinococcacea, ordine Deinococcales, classe Deinococci, phylum Deinococcus – Thermus                                                                     
                                                             Temperatura ottimale                  temperatura massima 

Deinococcus frigoris                                     9-18°C                                                   25°C

Deinococcus marmoris                                  9-16°C                                                   25°C 

Deinococcus sp.                                            9-10°C                                                    21°C

Nota: temperature minime di crescita D.frigoris <0,5°C,D.marmoris -4°C,D.specie <4°C.   

                                                                                                                                                              

Bibliografia                                                                                                                                  

Cavichioli R.(2000) Nature Rev;Microbiol. 4,331-343                                                                                            Helmke E,;Weyland H_(2004) Cell.Mol.Biol.50,553-556                                                                        

Lauks M.L.;Sangupta A.;Junge E,& Coll. (2005) Appl.Spectoscopy 59,1222-1228 Morita R.Y. &1975) Bacteriol.Rev,39,144-148,